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Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a medical technology.
Researchers at the University of Alberta have used LIPUS to gently massage teeth roots and jawbones to cause growth or regrowth, and have grown new teeth. As of June 2006, a large device has been licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada for use by dentists. A smaller device that fits on braces has also been developed. In order to regrow teeth, the tooth root must be massaged by the LIPUS device for 20 minutes each day for 4 months. It has been approved by both Canadian and American regulatory bodies and a market-ready model is currently being prepared. LIPUS was expected to be commercially available before the end of 2009. ecg electrodes
According to Dr. Chen from the University of Alberta, LIPUS may also have medical/cosmetic benefits in allowing people to grow taller by stimulating bone growth. ecg machines
See also eeg machine
Ultrasound
Tooth
Dentistry
References
A. Gf. Matuschka of LIPUS research foundation, Colorado, using low intensity pulsed ultra sound equipment has regrown dentin, pulp, gum, and density of mandible and maxilla bone starting on August 17 2006. Dr. Chavez of Colorado Springs examining X-rays in the fall of 2007 found that teeth, mandible and maxilla gained density equal to a youth in their high teens.
Popular Mechanics "Making Bones" (Erik Sofge) vol.138 no.9 pp.22 - September 2006
External links
Smile! A new Canadian tool can re-grow teeth say inventors AFP 2005 (BREITBART.com) Jun 28 4:45 PM US/Eastern
Canadians go ultrasonic for tooth regrowth implant Chris Williams (The Register) Thursday 29 June 2006 14:59 GMT
Ultrasound May Help Regrow Teeth University of Alberta (Science Daily) June 28, 2006
LIPUS foundation website
This medical equipment article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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This dentistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Categories: Dentistry | Medical ultrasound | Medical equipment stubs | Dentistry stubs

China Suppliers Appearance
Lopmon resembles a rabbit, while Lopmon's "twin sibling" Terriermon is considered a lop-eared dog. While Terriermon is an over-confident sort and tends to make sarcastic remarks, Lopmon is shy and polite.
Gender streamlight flashlights
In the original Japanese version, Lopmon and all its evolutions are male. The reason it was written as female in the American dub was that it was difficult for the translators to discern Lopmon's intended gender due to its dialect. In the Japanese version of Digimon Tamers, Antylamon (and its Rookie form, Lopmon) speaks with an antiquated dialect which uses gender-neutral pronouns, leaving viewers unable to discern if it was male or female (the American dubbers having leaning towards the latter as a result of its female voice actress, however many of the male humans and Digimon are voiced by females in the Japanese version) until a much later Japanese episode, when its partner, Suzie, referred to it as male and tried to encourage it to use the more modern personal male pronoun, "boku".[citation needed] There was even a small and unsuccessful online petition to have it turned back into a male in American version, but it was too late to make the correction. flexible rope light
Description mini rope light
Lopmon is the Digimon partner of Suzie, Henry's little sister. However, Lopmon was also Antylamon of the Devas, and guardian of the South Gate to Zhuqiaomon's palace. When Suzie first meets Antylamon she is treated like a small annoyance, but after spending some time together, they develop a special bond. When Antylamon's fellow deva, Makuramon, appears and tried to harm Suzie, Antylamon drives him away. As punishment, Zhuqiaomon reverts Antylamon to Lopmon for protecting a human, and Lopmon became a partner to Suzie.
When the Tamers confronted Zhuqiaomon, Lopmon pleaded with Zhuqiaomon not to kill them. Regardless, he unleashed a blast of flame on Lopmon although in the end it was saved by WarGrowlmon. Lopmon, like the other Tamer Digimon, went to the Real World. When the D-Reaper appeared, Lopmon regained the ability to digivolve to Antylamon to help out. Lopmon's only appearance during the final battle was when Kazu, Kenta, Guardromon, MarineAngemon and itself entered the D-Reaper to help. They arrived in one of MarineAngemon's bubbles just in time to rescue the recently de-digivolved Tamers and Digimon. Afterwards Lopmon was forced to return to the Digital World with the rest of the Tamers Digimon.
Lopmon returned in Runaway Locomon but as a more minor character. Lopmon's appearance was limited to it being accidentally taken by Henry instead of Terriermon (they were later switched back) and in the end when Lopmon and Suzie were threatened by two Parasimon which were destroyed by Beelzemon before anything could happen to them. Lopmon later attended Rika's birthday party.
Attacks
Blazing Ice (Icy Blaze): Lopmon leaps into the air and quickly shoots small icy crystalline bolts from its mouth that can harm its enemies as well as freeze them.
Lop Twister (Petit Twister): It Spins to form a tornado that it can impact with or throw.
Twin Cyclone (Double Twister): A twin attack performed alongside Terriermon. Lopmon performs its "Lop Twister" attack at the same time that Terriermon performs his "Terrier Tornado"; causing both attacks to combine into a quite powerful wormhole-like cyclone, hence the name.
Other forms
The name "Lopmon" refers only to the Rookie form of this Digimon. Throughout the series, Lopmon gains the ability to Digivolve into a number of more powerful forms, each with a different name and special attack. However, the Rookie level is the most common form.
Kokomon
Kokomon ( Chokomon)
When the D-Reaper was defeated, Lopmon De-Digivolved to Kokomon and was forced to return to the Digital World.
Attacks
Koko Crusher (Double Bubble): Kokomon fires off a stream of bubbles.
Antylamon
Antylamon ( Antiramon)
Antylamon was originally one of the Devas (the Rabbit Deva), whose job was as guardian of the south gate leading to Zhuqiaomon's palace. When Antylamon met Suzie, Antylamon grew to care about the girl & drove a fellow Deva Makuramon away. As punishment, Zhuqiaomon reverted Antylamon to Lopmon.
During the D-Reaper's attack in the Real World, Lopmon digivolves back into Antylamon to help fight. Lopmon first digivolves back to try to help the others and after seeing Beelzemon and Calumon fly to the Kernel Sphere and tries to reach them. Antylamon joins the battle against the Creep Hands Agent turning the tide of the battle by grabbing it's cord as it was about to eat Justimon stopping it. Lopmon again digivolves to Antylamon during Gallantmon and Beelzemon's attempt to rescue Jeri.
Attacks
Asipatravana: Attacks with both hands' "Treasure Axes" by spinning like a tornado.
Bunny Blades (Bo F (?, lit. "Treasure Axe")): Transforms its paws into Labrys. In this state, they can either be used for melee combat or to throw blades of pink energy.
References
^ Character Profile: Lopmon
^ Turn Lopmon Back into a Guy!
^ Internet Sacred Text Archive, retrieved 08/31/07; Vishnu Purana, Ch. VI: "He who wantonly cuts down trees goes to the Asipatravana hell (the leaves of whose trees are swords)."
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Digimon
Franchise
Virtual pet  Card games  The Movie  Adventure V-Tamer 01 (Characters  Zeromaru  Arkadimon)  Adventure (episodes)  Adventure 02 (episodes)  Tamers (episodes)  Frontier (episodes)  Chronicle  Digital Monster X-Evolution  D-Cyber  Next  Data Squad (episodes)
Video games
World (2  3  4  Data Squad  DS  Dawn & Dusk  Championship  Lost Evolution)  RPG  Adventure: Anode/Cathode Tamer  Adventure 02: Tag Tamers  Battle Spirit (1.5  2)  Rumble Arena (2)  Racing  Digital Monster Ver. S  Digital Card Battle
Concepts
Digimon (List of Digimon)  Digi-Eggs  DigiDestined  Digimon Sovereigns  Digital Shift  Digital World  Digivice  Digivolution  Four Great Dragons  List of Digimon areas  X-Antibody
 
Characters
Adventure
Taichi "Tai" Kamiya  Yamato "Matt" Ishida  Sora Takenouchi  Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi  Mimi Tachikawa  Joe Kido  Takeru "T.K." Takaishi  Hikari "Kari" Kamiya  Davis Motomiya  Cody Hida  Yolei Inoue  Ken Ichijouji  Gennai  Yukio Oikawa  Agumon  Gabumon  Biyomon  Tentomon  Palmon  Gomamon  Patamon  Gatomon  Veemon  Armadillomon  Hawkmon  Wormmon  Myotismon  BlackWarGreymon  Wizardmon  LadyDevimon
Tamers
Takato Matsuki  Henry Wong  Rika Nonaka  Jeri Katou  Ryo Akiyama  Kazu Shioda  Kenta Kitagawa  Suzie Wong  Ai and Mako  Alice McCoy  D-Reaper  Hypnos  Guilmon  Terriermon  Renamon  Leomon  Cyberdramon  Guardromon  MarineAngemon  Lopmon  Impmon  Calumon
Frontier
Takuya Kanbara  Koji Minamoto  J. P. Shibayama  Tommy Himi  Zoe Orimoto  Koichi Kimura  Celestial Digimon  Grumblemon  Ranamon  Arbormon  Mercurymon  Lucemon  Ancient Warriors  Bokomon  Neemon
Data Squad
Akihiro Kurata  Marcus Damon  Thomas H. Norstein  Keenan Crier  Yoshi Fujieda  Agumon  Gaomon  Falcomon  Lalamon  Biyomon  Kamemon  PawnChessmon  Kudamon  Gizumon
World
Analogman  Olympus Twelve  Mecha Rogue
Other
Minami Uehara  Willis  Yggdrasil  Dark Masters  Seven Great Demon Lords  Royal Knights  Chaos Generals  Airdramon  Diaboromon  Mammothmon  Millenniummon  Mystimon  Numemon  Phantomon  Trailmon  Zurumon
Categories: Rookie Digimon | Data Digimon | Digimon Nature Spirits family | Chosen Digimon | Anime and manga martial artists | Anthropomorphic martial artists | Fictional hares and rabbitsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007

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Wagrain razor electric go kart
Coat of arms cheap gas scooters
Location 50cc moped scooter
Administration
Country
 Austria
State
Salzburg
District
St. Johann im Pongau
Mayor
Eugen Grader (VP)
Basic statistics
Area
50.5589 km2 (19.5 sq mi)
Elevation
838 m  (2749 ft)
Population
3,127  (15 May 2001)
 - Density
62 /km (160 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone
CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate
JO
Postal code
5602
Area codes
0 6413
Website
www.wagrain.salzburg.at
Coordinates: 47200 13180 / 47.333333N 13.3E / 47.333333; 13.3
Wagrain (in Bavarian: Wgro) is a market town in the St. Johann im Pongau district in the state of Salzburg in Austria. It is nestled in the valley of the Ski Amade ski rsort, which is a first class holiday resort in north Austria. In the summer the ski lifts transport bikers to the mountains for the summer mountain biking season.
Wagrain is the original home of Atomic Skis, which was founded in 1955 by Alois Rohrmoser, who bought a wheelwright shop, and expanded its production to incude winter sports equipment, such as skis and sleds, using local timber resources and a crew of four craftsmen.
References
^ "The Atomic Story", Skiing (November, 1985) p. 134
This Salzburg state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Municipalities in the district of St. Johann im Pongau
Altenmarkt im Pongau  Bad Gastein  Bad Hofgastein  Bischofshofen  Dorfgastein  Eben im Pongau  Filzmoos  Flachau  Forstau  Goldegg  Grossarl  Httau  Httschlag  Kleinarl  Mhlbach am Hochknig  Pfarrwerfen  Radstadt  Sankt Johann im Pongau  Sankt Martin am Tennengebirge  Sankt Veit im Pongau  Schwarzach im Pongau  Untertauern  Wagrain  Werfen  Werfenweng
Categories: Cities and towns in Salzburg (state) | Austria geography stubs

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Please edit this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attribute free content correctly. Follow the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. Remove this template after editing. memo clip holder
See also: Kolis tape eraser
Koli Christians are the part of Kolis, the indigenous people of Seven islands of Bombay, which now forms the part of the modern city of Mumbai. correction tapes
Etymology
Kolis (simply the plural for koli- a fisherman)is derived from the Marathi word "Koli", which means a spider (one who spins a web - in Marathi that translates to 'one who weaves a net', and hence the fisherman, who weaves the net, is also called a Koli).
The fishermen were here first ... when Bombay was a dumbbell-shaped island which could be seen as the finest and largest natural harbour in Asia. "Midnight's Children", Salman Rushdie Kolbhat, Palva Bunder, Dongri, Mazagaon, Naigaum and Worli were among the islands the Kolis gave their names to. Kolbhat was distorted to Colaba; Palva Bunder became Apollo Bunder. The temple to Mumbadevi in Dongri gave rise to the name of the city. One of the smaller islands near Colaba, variously called Old Man's Island and Old Woman's Island, was a distortion of the Arab name Al-Omani, given for the same fishermen who ranged as far away as the Gulf of Oman.
History
The development of the modern city slowly marginalised these people of the sea. They were removed from Dongri already in 1770 by the East India Company. During the British Raj the British East India Company converted some of the Kolis of Mumbai to Christianity. These people are now known as Christian Koli. This historical process of elimination eventually pushed them to the strand near Cuffe Parade, from where they plied their ancient trade of deep water fishing. The Backbay reclamation of the 60s would have further marginalised them had they not approached the courts to stay the reclamation. Now their settlements are protected by law. The places where the koli communities places called Koliwada. (e.g.Chimbai, Sewri, Sion, etc.)You will find these koliwadas from Mumbai city to its suburbs. There is also a railway station called Koliwada on central railway harbour line route, which name replaced with Guru Teg Bahaddur Nagar for migratory population of Sikhs from borders of India, though there was a strong agitation made by this people but government overlooked it as the strong vote bank was seen by the existing Indira Gandhi Govt, Also the fishing mangroves named Ravali, Sheikh mestri are dumped now for migratory population in the city and the largest village Koliwada (Sheev) on border of city had become a property of the Municipal corporation after BIT took over their land.
Classes in Kolis
The Kolis are divided into two main occupational classes: the Dolkars and states. The Dolkars do the actual fishing while the latter purchase the haul wholesale. The name Dolkar is derived from dol or dhola the large funnel shaped net. The smaller nets are known as jal. Every Koli house comprises an oti (verandah) which is reserved for weaving and repairing nets. Though house patterns differ, every house has a chool (kitchen), vathan (room) and a devghar (the worship room). Even in the poorest of families, living in one room tenements one corner of the house is reserved for the God. Deeply religious, even the Christian converts, follow their original Hindu beliefs as well. The annual pilgrimage to the shrine of Ekvira, at the Karla caves in Pune district in undertaken by both the Hindus and the Christian Kolis. The chief Hindu religious festivals are auru Shimga and arial Poornima. No Koli, whatever his faith, will recommence fishing after the rainy season without offering a coconut to the sea on Narial Poornima day.
The Hindu Kolis worship Mahadev, Hanuman and Khandoba and the Christian Kolis worship these and images of Christ and Virgin Mary. The oldest members of the family both male and female are also worshipped.
Songs from an important part of the Kolis culture. Almost every ceremony or festival has its special song without which the ceremony does not commence. At the beginning of every such song a stanza is devoted to the deities. The deities are invoked andinvited to the ceremony. The name Mumbai is derived from the goddess, umba, the patron deity of the pre-Christian Kolis, the earliest inhabitants of the island. In the present day the shrine of Mumbadevi, situated at the south-west corner of the Mumbadevi tank in the very heart of the city is accorded more reverence than perhaps any other shrine.
Various records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. Dr. Gerson da Cunha in the book rigin of Mumbai describes old Mumbai as he desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. The Kolis are reported to have occupied the land in A.D. 1138.
Mumbai-Heptanesia as it was once known, comprised seven separate and amorphous isles namely Kolaba, Old Woman Island, Mumbai, Mazagaon, Sion, Worli and Mahim (all of which have now been joined by bridges and reclamations). Records of the earlier settlements of Mumbai speak of Koli villages in all the seven islands. Though they are completely dwarfed by the highrise, congested apartments, Koli villages exist all along the sea coast of Mumbai even today. Mazagaon, it is believed, owes its name to fish, Machchagaun meaning fish-village, Kolaba means the Koli estate.
In the matter of dress too, Kolis possess an individuality. Standing out distinctly, even in the sea of humanity that is Mumbai, is the koli who has not given up his or her traditional attire. The dress of a Koli woman consists of two or three garments namely a lugat(sari), a choli (blouse) and a parkhi (a shoulder scarf). The Christian Kolis don use a parkhi and wear a typical red-checked saree with a tiny border and use the palla of the saree to cover their shoulders. Lugat is really the lower garment, nine yards in length in bright floral designs. It is worn in a peculiar way so that when draped at the waist it reaches just below the knees and is drawn up tightly between the legs.
The men generally wear a surkha (a loin cloth). It is a square piece of cloth, thrown diagonally in front on a string tied round the waist. The lower end of the cloth is tightly drawn through the legs and knotted at the back so as to cover the divided of the buttocks. A waist-coat and close fitting cap complete the attire. When not at sea the modern Koli wears a pair of pants and shirts.
Fond of jewellery, even their men wear armlets, bangles and earnings. The women do not believe in bank accounts and invest almost all their savings in gold. They wear traditional chunky typically Koli jewellery like the earnings patterned like the Pisces symbol (fish swimming in opposite directions) worn by almost all of them.
Otherwise the Kolis live a very simple life. The ordinary Koli meal consists of curry (ambat), rice, and fried fish. When at sea the men eat dried fish and rice gruel. They make a lot of sweet dishes as the Koli women are extremely fond of them.
Categories: Social groups of MaharashtraHidden categories: Copied and pasted articles and sections | Articles needing cleanup from February 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles that need to be wikified from February 2008 | All articles that need to be wikified

China Suppliers Morphology
The Wood Bison differs from the Plains Bison (Bison bison bison), the other surviving North American subspecies/ecotype, in a number of important ways. Most notably, the Wood Bison is heavier, with large males weighing over 900 kilograms (2,000 lb), making it the largest terrestrial animal in North America. The highest point of the Wood Bison is well ahead of its front legs, while the Plains Bison's highest point is directly above the front legs. Wood bison also have larger horn cores, a darker and woollier pelage, and less hair on their forelegs and beard.
Conservation adjustable folding table
Wood Bison in Wood Buffalo National Park folding portable table
In addition to the loss of habitat and hunting, Wood Bison populations have also been in danger of hybridizing with Plains Bison, and therefore polluting the genetic stock. massage table master
As with other bison, the Wood Bison's population was devastated by hunting and other factors. By the early 1900s, they were regarded as extremely rare or perhaps nearly extinct. However, a herd of about 200 was discovered in Alberta, Canada in 1957. This herd has since recovered to a total population of approximately 2,500, largely as a result of conservation efforts by Canadian government agencies. In 1988, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) changed the subspecies' conservation status from "endangered" to "threatened".
On June 17, 2008, 53 Canadian Wood Bison were transferred from Elk Island National Park in Alberta, Canada, to the Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center near Anchorage, Alaska. There they will be held in quarantine for two years, and then re-introduced to their native habitat in the Minto Flats area near Fairbanks.
Currently there are only 3,000 Wood Bison in the wild, located in the Northwest Territories, Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, and Manitoba.
Diseases
Publicly-owned free-ranging herds in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories comprise 90% of existing Wood Bison, although six smaller public and private captive breeding herds with conservation objectives comprise approximately 10% of the total (n 900). These captive herds and two large isolated free-ranging herds in the Yukon and Northwest Territories all derive from disease-free and morphologically representative founding stock from northern Wood Buffalo National Park in northeastern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories. These captive herds are particularly important for conservation and recovery purposes, because the larger free-ranging herds in and around Wood Buffalo National Park were infected with bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis after 7,000 Plains Bison (Bison bison bison) were trans-shipped by barge from Buffalo National Park near Wainwright, Alberta in the 1920s.
Diseases including brucellosis and tuberculosis remain endemic in the free-ranging herds in and around Wood Buffalo National Park. The diseases represent a serious management issue for governments, various local Aboriginal groups, and the cattle industry rapidly encroaching on the park's boundaries. Disease management strategies and initiatives began in the 1950s, and have yet to result in a reduction of the incidence of either disease despite considerable expenditure and increased public involvement.
References
^ Geist V. (1991). "Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, Bison bison "athabascae" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype.". Arctic 44 (4): 283300. 
^ Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). "Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence". Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society, Inc.. pp. 143151. http://www.georgewright.org/24kay.pdf. Retrieved December 2, 2009. 
^ a b Bork, A. M., C. M. Strobeck, F. C. Yeh, R. J. Hudson, & R. K. Salmon (1991). "Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms". Can J Zool 69 (1): 4348. doi:10.1139/z91-007. http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=69&articleFile=z91-007.pdf. 
^ Halbert, Natalie D., Terje Raudsepp, Bhanu P. Chowdhary, & James N. Derr (2004). "Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd". Journal of Mammalogy 85 (5): 924931. doi:10.1644/BER-029. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/BER-029. 
^ Wilson, G. A., & C. Strobeck (1999). "Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations". Genome 42 (3): 483496. doi:10.1139/gen-42-3-483. PMID 10382295. http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=0831-2796&volume=42&issue=3&startPage=483. 
^ Boyd, Delaney P. (2003). Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations. (MS thesis). University of Calgary. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
^ Wood Bison Restoration in Alaska, Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation
^ Canada Helps Restore Wood Bison to Alaska in International Conservation Effort to Recover a Threatened Species, Yahoo! Finance, July 9, 2008
^ State brings back wood bison, Anchorage Daily News, June 27th, 2008
^ Wood Bison Conservation in Alaska, Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation
^ Gates, Zimov, Stephenson, Chapin. "Wood Bison Recovery: Restoring Grazing Systems in Canada, Alaska and Eastern Siberia". http://www.bisoncentre.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=124&Itemid=135. Retrieved February 9, 2010. 
^ Joly, D. O.; Messier, F. (2004-06-16). [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118754826/HTMLSTART "Factors affecting apparent prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis nubs are amazing"]. Journal of Animal Ecology 7 (4): 623631. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00836.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118754826/HTMLSTART. Retrieved 2009-04-30. 
External links
Environment Canada's Species at Risk website profiles the Wood Bison
Photo gallery
Alaska.org
Categories: IUCN Red List endangered species | Bison | Mammals of Canada | Fauna of the Western United States

China Suppliers First generation
First generation
1991 Lancia Delta GT i.e. magnetic hooks
Production ferrite rod
1979-1994 ferrite magnets
Body style(s)
5-door hatchback
Layout
Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Wheelbase
2,540 mm (100 in)
Length
3,900 mm (150 in)
Width
1,700 mm (67 in)
Height
1,380 mm (54 in)
Related
Saab-Lancia 600
Designer
Giorgetto Giugiaro
The first Delta was a five-door hatchback designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and released in 1979. For a period of time, it was also sold in Sweden by Saab Automobile, badged as the Saab 600. Saab assisted with some areas of the car's design and as a result the Delta was better suited for colder climates.[citation needed] Key competitors were the Volkswagen Golf, Opel Astra/Kadett and Ford Escort. For a few years after its launch, the Delta was one of the most contemporarily styled cars of its class in Europe and was voted Car of the Year in 1980.
While the majority of Delta models were ordinary small family cars, the most famous model was the Delta HF Integrale, a four-wheel drive hot hatch with a powerful turbocharged petrol engine. A tweaked version of the HF dominated the World Rally Championship, scoring 46 WRC victories overall and winning the Constructors Championship a record six times in a row from 1987 to 1992, in addition to Drivers' Championship titles for Juha Kankkunen (1987 and 1991) and Miki Biasion (1988 and 1989).
Lancia Delta HF Turbo
The Lancia Delta S4, which the works team ran immediately prior to the HF 4WD and Integrale models' world championship careers from the season-ending 1985 RAC Rally until the end of the 1986 season, while sharing the same name and appearance, was a Group B race car designed specifically for rallying, and was entirely different from the commercial Delta in terms of construction and performance.
HF4WD
In 1986, the Fdration Internationale du Sport Automobile, the World Rally Championship governing body, decided to scrap plans for a proposed Group S as well as cancelling Group B. It ruled that Group B cars were too fast and, as a consequence, too dangerous. It is arguable that Lancia was one of the more far-sighted manufacturers at the time, as it was already developing the Delta HF 4X4 production car using experience gained from the development of the S4 rally car.
Superseding the Delta HF Turbo as the flagship of the Delta range S4 excepted the HF 4WD had a lot to live up to. The HF Turbo was no slouch and its handling was praiseworthy for a front-wheel drive car.
The Delta range was first introduced to the United Kingdom in 1980 and remained virtually unchanged until 1986, when small changes were made to the cars' body shape, the engines updated and the four-wheel drive model introduced.
One of the features of the Delta HF 4WD is the under-statement of the body styling. There is very little to distinguish the car from the earlier 'Turbo i.e.' apart from the four-headlight system, fog lamps mounted in the front spoiler, discreet 4WD badging on the rear hatch, small side skirts and two raised air intakes on the bonnet (hood). The later car is therefore virtually indistinguishable from the 1600 cc HF Turbo i.e.
In the Delta HF 4X4, Lancia opted for a four-wheel drive system with an in-built torque-splitting action to ensure that the available power was going to the wheels with the most traction at any given time, thus ensuring the most efficient use of the available power and torque.
Three differentials are at the heart of the system. Drive to the front wheels is linked through a free-floating differential; drive to the rear wheels is transmitted via a 56/44 front/rear torque-splitting Ferguson viscous-coupling-controlled epicyclic central differential. At the rear wheels is a Torsen (torque sensing) rear differential.
The Torsen differential is a true 'intelligent' differential in the way it distributes torque. It divides the torque between the wheels according to the available grip, and does so without ever locking fully: maximum lockup is 70%.
Standard differentials are either free-floating or self-locking. Free-floating systems are good at differentiating between wheel speeds on bends, but always supply the same amount of torque to both wheels. In this situation, however, there is a risk that the wheel with the lighter load (on an incline, for example) or less grip, will lose traction. To counteract this possibility, totally self-locking differentials ensure that both wheels rotate at the same speed but in doing this, prevent free differentiation in cornering, to the detriment of handling and stability.
The basic suspension layout of the Delta 4WD remains the same as in the rest of the two-wheel drive Delta range: MacPherson strutype independent suspension with dual-rate dampers and helicoidal springs, with the struts and springs set slightly off-centre.
There are a few more subtle changes, though, with the suspension mounting points to the body shell, now better insulated by incorporating flexible rubber links to provide improved isolation. Progressive rebound bumpers have also been adopted, while the damper rates, front and rear toe-in and the relative angle between springs and dampers have all been altered. The steering retains the rack and pinion mechanism of the rest of the Delta range, but in this application it is power-assisted. Steering effort has been reduced further by fitting thrust bearings of the ball, rather than roller type. Additional steering sensitivity has also been obtained by adjusting the angle of incidence of the steering rack.
Integrale 8v
1989 Lancia Delta HF Integrale 8V at the Birmingham Motorshow
Lancia designed the HF Integrale to incorporate the advanced technical features of the Delta HF 4WD. The result is a stylish, luxurious yet utterly practical five door hatchback with impeccable road manners, but capable of a blistering 0100 km/h (062 mph) acceleration in just 6.6 seconds and a maximum speed of 133 mph (214 km/h).
At the heart of the 8-valve HF Integrale is a 2-litre 4-cylinder fuel injected twin cam engine, fitted with contra-rotating balancing shafts. This version incorporated the following improvements over the HF 4WD: New valves, valve seats and water pump, larger water and oil radiators, more powerful cooling fan and bigger air cleaner. A larger capacity Garrett T3 turbocharger with improved air flow and bigger inter-cooler to aid volumetric efficiency, together with revised settings for the electronic injection/ignition control unit and a knock sensor, boost power output to 185 bhp (DIN) (136 kW) at 5300 rpm and maximum torque of 31 mkgf (304 Nm, 224 lbfft) at 3500 rpm.
The HF Integrale transmission systems incorporates permanent 4-wheel drive, a front transversely mounted engine and five-speed gearbox. An epicyclic centre differential normally splits the torque 56 per cent to the front axle, 44 per cent to the rear. However a noiseless, fully automatic Ferguson viscous coupling balances the torque split to give the optimal division between front and rear axles depending on road conditions and tyre grip. The Torsen rear differential further divides the torque delivered to each rear wheel according to grip available. By using the interaction between a worm screw and helical gear (movement is transmitted from screw to gear only) the Torsen system ensures that the wheel with less weight or grip receives less torque and therefore maintains traction. A free floating front differential completes the system to ensure maximum traction even at speed on adverse road surfaces. A shorter final drive ratio (3.111 instead of 2.944 on the HF 4WD) is used to match the larger 6.5x15 wheels to give 24 mph/1000 rpm (39 km/h per 1000 rpm) in fifth gear.
Both braking and suspension were uprated to match the HF Integrale's increased performance. The ventilated front discs were increased in diameter to 284 mm (11.2 in), improved friction coefficient pads were fitted to the rear brakes. A larger brake master cylinder and servo lessened pedal effort for quicker response and reduced the risk of overheating in even the most demanding situations. The all round independent suspension features new front springs, dampers and front struts.
1993 Lancia Delta HF Integrale at the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed
To match the mechanical improvements and higher performance, Lancia gave the HF Integrale a new, more purposeful look while retaining all the practical advantages of the five door body shell. Immediately noticeable are the rounded, bulged wheel arches housing the wider section 195/55 VR tyres on 15-inch 6J alloy wheels. A new bonnet incorporated air louvres while the restyled bumpers wrapped around to meet the wheel arches at front and rear. The front bumper, now wider, incorporates air intakes to assist engine cooling, and houses rectangular auxiliary driving lights, that complement the twin circular headlights. The side skirts are faired into the wheel arches at front and rear and carry "Delta HF Integrale" badges to complement those on grille and rear hatch. The twin rear view mirrors are finished in body colour.
Integrale 16v
In 1988, Lancia gained 10 victories out of 11 rallies and the world title, won well before the end of the season. The 8 valve Delta had won, ahead of every rival in every continent, demonstrating its unrivalled performance, reliability and durability. But Lancia did not let this lull them into complacency, the 16 valve HF Integrale was being developed and was to run alongside its stablemate during the 1989 season. The new car was identifiable from its predecessor by the raised centre of the bonnet to accommodate the new 16 valve engine. The other exterior changes visible were; wider wheels and tyres and new identity badges front and rear. The 16 valve integrale was published in 1989 Geneva Motorshow.
The torque split was changed to 47% front and 53% rear, this gave the car better handling characteristics, on tarmac, where the Ford Cosworths were beginning to show their potential. Both the 8 and 16 valve cars were in use by the Works Team during the 1989 season, the 16 valve made its successful debut on the Sanremo Rally with Miki Biasion, at this time the new livery of the 16 valve cars was red; however, the colour reverted to white for the 1990 season as red was found to be less incisive than white in photographs and on television.
The turbocharged 2-litre Lancia 16v engine is already a powerful, refined performer, but was further developed for the Integrale 16v. Generating 200 bhp (149 kW) at 5500 rpm, it can take the car to a maximum speed of 137 mph (220 km/h) and get it from 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 5.5  seconds. Larger injectors provide higher power output and efficient exploitation of the fuel feed at high engine speeds. The response of a Garrett T3 turbocharger is immediate, thanks to the reduced inertia of the turbine. A highly efficient intercooler provides the driver with more power and greater reliability. The new over-boost system uses a proportional electrovalve, to give a lift to engine torque: 220 lbfft (298 Nm) at 3000 rpm. All these improvements make the road-going version of the Integrale 16v a spirited, reliable and inherently safe car. The exuberant 16-valve engine, however, retains commendable refinement, thanks to the inclusion of two counter-rotating balancer shafts, eliminating vibration to give superb smoothness. The engine can also run on unleaded fuel without modification.
The Lancia Delta HF Integrale 16v uses a dual circuit braking system with each axle separate, which is safer because directional stability is maintained by each axle. The optional four-channel, second generation ABS system is mounted on this circuit. Designed specifically for four-wheel drive, it ensures safe braking on all surfaces and in any situation, in the minimum distance, to maintain directional stability. In emergency braking, the electronic control unit uses two sensors, detecting transverse and longditudinal accelerations to deliver braking pulses appropriate to each side of the vehicle. Loss of control over ground with uneven grip can thus be prevented. The sensors are situated at the car's centre of gravity, near the gear lever. System efficiency is assured by electronic self diagnosis carried out automatically after starting the engine
Integrale Evoluzione
Lancia Delta Evo
The first Evoluzione cars were built at the end of 1991 and through 1992. These were to be the final homologation cars for the Lancia Rally Team; the Catalytic Evoluzione II (below) was never rallied by the factory.
In order to improve the handling, the Evoluzione I had a wider track front and rear than earlier Deltas. In order to enclose this track in the bodywork, the wide arches were extended even further and in the process also became more rounded. The wings were now made in a single pressing, whereas previously they had been fabricated. The front strut top mounts were also raised in height in the quest for more grip: this then necessitated a front strut brace to control the forces thus generated.
External changes included: new grilles in the front bumper to improve the air intake for engine compartment cooling; a redesigned bonnet (hood) with new lateral air slats to further assist underbonnet ventilation; an adjustable roof spoiler above the tailgate to assist in competition and to emphasise the cars sporty lines; new five-bolt (stud) wheels derived from the rally cars (stronger than the previous design); and finally, the rear of the car was changed with only one exhaust pipe now showing.
No changes to the tried and trusted chassis configuration: MacPherson-type independent suspension at front with lower wishbones;
anti-roll bar;
segmented dampers with a brace between the strut tops;
MacPherson-type independent suspension at rear with transverse rods;
longitudinal transversal reaction struts;
disc brakes on all wheels, with double piston calipers at the front;
floating calipers at the rear;
split crossover hydraulic circuit with power brake and brake power modulator on rear wheels;
Bosch ABS as standard;
rack and pinion steering with servo assistance;
The new Integrale retained the four wheel drive layout: an epicyclic centre diff with torque splitter (47% to front, 53% to rear), Ferguson viscous coupling and Torsen rear differential.
The engine, although technically the same as the earlier 16V cars, was remapped to give 210 bhp (157 kW) at 5750 rpm in order to compensate for the slight increase in weight and increased frontal area. This kept the performance figures virtually unchanged.
The above improvements were aimed at, and did change, the cars' handling potential, with the new car being able to travel 56% faster over rally sections both tarmac and gravel. The result was even greater driver confidence when driving in normal road conditions.
Interior trim was now Grey Alcantara as standard, covering the same Recaro seats as fitted to the earlier 16V cars; leather and air conditioning were offered as options. The interior was finished with a new anotomic grip gear lever and leather-covered Momo steering wheel.
A number of Evoluzione I cars were built to meet Swiss regulations and were consequently equipped with an 8-valve engine complete with catalytic converter, producing 165 bhp (123 kW). It is often considered that this version is a little underpowered for the weight of the car.
Integrale Evoluzione II
Lancia Delta HF Integrale 16v Evoluzione II
The 1993 edition of the Delta HF integrale featured an updated version of the 2-litre 16-valve turbo engine to produce more power, as well as a three-way catalyst and Lambda probe. The addition of the catalyst did not penalise performance. Indeed, the Evoluzione II produced more power and torque than its predecessor, the Evoluzione I. That's because Lancia added a series of technical improvements that may be summed up as follows:
A Marelli integrated engine control system with an 8 MHz clock frequency which incorporates:
timed sequential multipoint injection;
self-adapting injection times;
automatic idling control;
engine protection strategies depending on the temperature of intaken air;
Mapped ignition with two double outlet coils;
Three-way catalyst and pre-catalyst with lambda probe (oxygen sensor) on the turbine outlet link;
Anti-evaporation system with air line for canister flushing optimised for the turboengine;
New Garrett turbocharger: water-cooled with boost-drive management i.e. boost controlled by feedback from the central control unit on the basis of revs/throttle angle, mapping designed for ultra-progressive response to acceleration;
Knock control by engine block sensor and new signal handling software that acted simultaneously on spark advance, fuel quantity injected and turbocharging;
The basic engine structure remained unchanged:
twin counter-rotating balancer shafts;
light alloy cylinder heads;
twin overhead camshafts driven by toothed belt;
four valves per cylinder;
The engine developed a maximum power output of 215 bhp (160 kW) DIN (158 kW) (against 210 bph on the earlier uncatalysed version) and maximum torque of 32 kgfm (310 Nm) (formerly 31 kgfm or 300 Nm).
In order to underline the even more advanced engineering and performance of the 1993 version, the new Integrale was also given a cosmetic and functional facelift.
Briefly:
new 16" light alloy rims with 205/45 ZR 16 tyres for better brake cooling and enhanced dynamic vehicle behaviour especially in lateral roadholding terms;
body colour roof moulding to underline the connection between the roof and the Solar control windows;
red-painted cylinder head;
Inside:
new leather-covered three-spoke MOMO steering wheel;
standard Recaro seats upholstered in beige Alcantara with diagonal stitching;
The sporty look of the new Delta was highlighted by an aluminium fuel cap and air-intake grilles on the front mudguards designed to increase airflow.
Performance
Performance of the first generation models: ,
Model
Year
Displacement
Power
Torque
Accel.
0-100 km/h,s
Top speed
cc
cu in
PS
kW
hp
@ rpm
Nm
ftlbf
@ r/min
km/h
mph
1.3
1,301
79.4
75
55
74
5800
105
77
3500
15.0
160
99
1.5
1,498
91.4
85
63
84
5800
123
91
3500
12.5
161
100
1.6 GT
1,585
96.7
105
77
104
5800
136
100
3300
10.0
180
110
1.6 GT.i.e
1,585
96.7
108
79
107
5900
137
101
3500
9.8
+185
115
1.6 HF Turbo
1984
1,585
96.7
130
96
130
5600
191
141
3700
195
121
1.6 HF Turbo
1985
1,585
96.7
140
100
140
5500
191
141
3500
8.7
203
126
HF4WD
1986
1,995
121.7
165
121
163
5500
285
210
2750
7.8
208
129
HF Integrale 8v
1987
1,995
121.7
185
136
182
5300
304
224
2500
6.6
215
134
HF integrale 16V
1989
1,995
121.7
200
150
200
5500
298
220
3000
5.7
220
140
HF integrale "Evo1"
1991
1,995
121.7
210
150
210
300
220
5.7
220
140
HF integrale "Evo2"
1993
1,995
121.7
215
158
212
310
230
5.7
220
140
1.9 TD
1,929
117.7
80
59
79
4200
172
127
2400
13.8
170
110
Tuning
As of 2007, Delta HF Integrales continue to race competitively, with modified versions producing between 300 and 500 bhp (224 and 373 kW). It is possible to tune the car to produce extremely high outputs, even exceeding 700 bhp (522 kW).
Lancia Delta Martini Racing - 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 World Rally Champion
Markku Aln - 1987 RAC Rally
Lancia Delta Integrale - 2007 Rallye Deutschland
Lancia Delta HF Integrale Evoluzione
Lancia Hyena
Lancia Hyena
The Integrale based Hyena was built in collaboration between the Lancia importer for The Netherlands Paul Koot and Zagato. The Hyena was designed in 1990 by Marco Pedracini (Zagato), and introduced at the Brussels Motor Show in January 1992. The Hyena was based on the Delta Integrale floorpan structure, but with a 2-door coupe body. Integrales were stripped down in Holland and then sent to Zagato in Italy to have the new composite/alloy body fitted. They were then sent back to Holland for final assembly. All of this made the Hyena very expensive to build and they were sold for around $75,000. The Hyena weighed around 200 kilograms (440 lb) less than original Integrale and had around 250 brake horsepower (190 kW) and could accelerate from 0-100 km in 5.4 seconds.
There were 92 made[citation needed]: France 6 Italy 8 Germany 8 Holland 5 United Kingdom 5 Belgium 6 Rest of Europe 17 Other countries 20. And 17 planned.
Second generation
Second generation
Production
1993-1999
Body style(s)
3 and 5-door hatchback
Layout
FF layout
Transmission(s)
5-speed manual
3-speed automatic
Wheelbase
2,540 mm (100 in)
Length
4,011 mm (157.9 in)
Width
1,759 mm (69.3 in)
Height
1,430 mm (56 in)
Curb weight
1130-1330 kg (2491-2932 lb)
Related
Fiat Tipo
Designer
I.DE.A Institute
The successor to the original Delta, the 'Nuova Delta', was introduced in 1993 based on the Fiat Tipo platform. The Nuova Delta was targeted at customers more interested in comfort and convenience than overall performance and power.
The Nuova Delta was offered with engine versions up to 193 PS (142 kW; 190 hp), but without four-wheel drive. Until 1995 only five-door hatchback body styles was offered, when the three-door was introduced under the name HPE. In 1996 two 1.8-litre engines were introduced (one with variable valve timing) and the naturally-aspirated 2.0 was discontinued.
The Delta was dropped from Lancia's lineup in 1999. The Dedra did get a replacement, the Lybra, which was not offered with a hatchback body style.
Engines
Displacement
Type
Power
Years
cc
cu in
PS
kW
hp
@ rpm
1,581
96.5
SOHC 8V I4 petrol
75
55
74
6000
93-99
1,581
96.5
SOHC 8V I4 petrol
103
76
102
6000
96-99
1,756
107.2
DOHC 8V I4 petrol
105
77
104
6000
93-96
1,995
121.7
16V DOHC I4 petrol
139
102
137
6000
93-96
1,747
106.6
SOHC I4 petrol
113
83
111
6000
96-99
1,747
106.6
VVT I4 petrol
130
96
130
6300
96-99
1,995
121.7
16V DOHC I4 petrol turbo
186
137
183
5500
93-96
1,995
121.7
16V DOHC I4 petrol turbo
193
142
190
5500
96-99
1,929
117.7
I4 sohc turbodiesel
90
66
89
4100
93-99
Third generation
Third generation
Production
2008-present
Body style(s)
5-door hatchback
Layout
FF layout
Platform
Fiat C-platform
Engine(s)
1.4L TurboJet petrol
1.8L DI TurboJet petrol
1.6L Multijet diesel
1.9L Multijet TwinTurbo diesel
2.0L Multijet diesel
Transmission(s)
6-speed manual
6-speed automatic
6-speed robotised
Wheelbase
2,700 mm (110 in)
Length
4,520 mm (178 in)
Width
1,797 mm (70.7 in)
Height
1,499 mm (59.0 in)
Related
Fiat Bravo (2007)
Designer
Lancia Centro Stile
Lancia Delta badged as Chrysler (design/market study) at Chicago Auto Show 2010.
In September 2006 Lancia officially announced the revival of the Delta name, with new cars to be built on the Fiat C platform, as reported in CAR Magazine.
This confirmed an earlier report, also in CAR Magazine, which highlighted the planned high-performance Delta Integrale model, along with the intention for the marque to return to the right hand drive UK market which they had abandoned in 1994. The world premire of the new HPE concept was held at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival.
The new Lancia Delta was unveiled at the 2008 Geneva motor show. The Lancia brand was reintroduced to Scandinavian, Russian and Turkish markets in 2007. Commercial ambitions for the car appear more cautious than for earlier Deltas: British press reports nevertheless highlight plans for the new Delta to spearhead a return by Lancia to the UK market during 2009, in part to celebrate Lancia's centenary. The Delta was also featured in Dan Brown's "Angels and Demons" film adaptation.
Delta as well as being an historical name from Lancia past is also being interpreted this time around by Lancia as a mathematical symbol that stands for change, difference and evolution. Designed by the Lancia Style Centre, this car is aimed at the luxury end of the small family car segment. The Delta is 4.52 metres (178.0 in) long, 1.797 metres (70.7 in) wide and 1.499 metres (59.0 in) high, and has a wheelbase of 2.7 metres (106.3 in), 10 centimetres (3.9 in) more than the Fiat Bravo.
At the 2010 North American International Auto Show, a badge engineered version of the Delta under the Chrysler brand (a manufacturer now partially owned by Fiat) was unveiled as a concept car for a potential North American release.
Features
The new Delta offers a number of options and equipment including a Bose Hi-Fi radio incorporating a CD player and MP3 file reader with steering-wheel mounted controls, the Blue&Me system developed with Microsoft, and brand new satellite navigation system developed with Magneti Marelli.
Further technical equipment included to effect the ride and handling will include an advanced ESC (Electronic Stability Control) system and SDC suspension (with electronic damping control, also by Magneti Marelli).
The new Delta has also a driving assistant that gives more safety, an electric eye monitors the road and gives feedback to steering wheel to suggest corrections to the driver. The car is available also with semi-automatic parking assistant.
Engines
Engines available at launch will be 120 PS (88 kW) and 150 PS (110 kW) 1.4 litre TurboJet petrol engines and 1.6 litre 120 PS (88 kW) MultiJet diesel, 2.0 MultiJet with 165 PS (121 kW) and 1.9 Twinturbo MultiJet with 190 PS (140 kW). A new petrol unit was launched later: 1.8 Di Turbojet with 200 PS (147 kW).
1.9 Twinturbo Multijet
Model
Type
Displacement
Power
Torque
Acceleration
0-100 km/h,s
Max Speed
cc
cu in
PS
kW
hp
@ rpm
Nm
ftlbf
@ rpm
km/h
mph
1.4 T-Jet 16V
I4
1,368
83.5
120
88
120
5000
206
152
2000
9.8
195
121
1.4 T-Jet 16V
I4
1,368
83.5
150
110
150
5500
206
152
1750
8.7
210
130
1.8 Di T-Jet 16V
I4
1,742
106.3
200
147
197
5000
320
236
2000
7.4
230
143
1.6 Multijet 16V
I4
1,598
97.5
120
88
120
4000
300
220
1500
10.7
194
121
2.0 Multijet 16V
I4
1,956
119.4
165
121
163
4000
360
270
1750
8.5
214
133
1.9 Multijet 16V
I4
1,910
117
190
140
190
4000
400
300
2000
7.9
222
138
Safety
The 2008 Lancia Delta passed the Euro NCAP car safety tests with following ratings:
Adult occupant =
Child occupant =
Pedestrian =
Notes
^ a b "1991 Lancia Delta HF Integrale Evoluzione". supercars.net. http://www.supercars.net/cars/2535.html. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
^ a b c "Lancia/Models". carsfromitaly.net. http://www.carsfromitaly.net/. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
^ "Search results for "Lancia Delta"". carfolio.com. http://www.carfolio.com/search/results/?terms=Lancia+Delta. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
^ "Lancia Delta HF integrale EVO". redline.lt. http://www.redline.lt/magazine/featured-cars/article/article/10/2/. Retrieved 2007-09-25. 
^ "25 years of the lancia delta". italiaspeed.com/2004/cars/lancia. http://www.italiaspeed.com/2004/cars/lancia/12/delta/2512_4.html. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
^ "1993 Lancia Hyena". conceptcarz.com. http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1516/Zagato_Hyena/default.aspx. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
^ "1992 Lancia Hyena". carfolio.com/Hyena. http://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=95931. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
^ "Press release 05/02/2008 The Lancia Delta has its world premiere". fiatgroupautomobilespress.com. http://www.fiatgroupautomobilespress.com/index.php?l=2&group=2&method=news&action=zoom&id=200802051541346b8b7963ad91fa7ce24d147f98d9344d. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
^ a b c d "Technische Daten". lancia.de. http://www.lancia.de/cgi-bin/pbrand.dll/LANCIA_GERMANY/models/models.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@1133255666.1221315259@@@@&BV_EngineID=cccfadefedmjjglcefecejgdfkhdfji.0&categoryOID=-1073817291. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
^ "Lancia lifts lid on new Delta" CAR Magazine
^ "New Delta Integrale to spearhead Lancia's UK return CAR Magazine
^ "New Lancia Delta for Geneva show". nzherald.co.nz. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/motoring/news/article.cfm?c_id=9&objectid=10492663. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
^ Covent Garden, August / September 2007, London Underground Ltd. (promotional magazine)
^ Gall, Jared (January 11, 2010). "Chrysler Delta Concept - Auto Shows". Car and Driver. http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/10q1/chrysler_delta_concept-auto_shows. Retrieved 11 January 2010. 
^ "Lancia Delta" (PDF). italiaspeed.com/new_models. http://www.italiaspeed.com/new_models/2008/lancia/delta/technical_data.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-05. 
^ "Lancia Delta, global premiere". lanciapress.com. http://www.lanciapress.com/index.php?method=cartelle&action=article&id=200802141625557b3619cddac65eeb600c896056b5ff3b&group=2. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 
^ "Lancia Delta". euroncap.com. http://www.euroncap.com/tests/lancia_delta_2008/328.aspx. Retrieved 2008-08-29. 
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lancia Delta
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lancia concept vehicles
thedeltaproject.eu official Delta page
Lancisti.net - An Information Exchange and Support Community for Lancia Owners and Enthusiasts
Lancia Motor Club (UK)
Club Lancia Sport (UK)
Evocorner Forum about the Integrale
London to Brighton Run - organized annually by Club Lancia Sport UK
AutoBelle - Lancia Delta Owner manual, brochures, repair manuals, magazines about Lancia Delta
v  d  e
Lancia
19071918: Alfa-12HP  Dialfa-18HP  Beta-15/20HP  Delta-20/30HP  Epsilon  Eta-30/50HP  Gamma-20HP  Theta-35HP  Zeta-12/15HP
19181945: Aprilia  Ardea  Artena  Astura  Augusta  Dilambda  Kappa  Dikappa  Lambda  Trikappa
19451980: Appia  Aurelia  Beta  D20  D23/D24  D25  D50  Flaminia  Flavia  2000  Fulvia  Gamma  Montecarlo  Stratos HF
19802009: Dedra  Delta  Delta S4  Kappa  LC1  LC2  Lybra  Prisma  Thema  Trevi  Y10  Ypsilon  Zeta  037 (Group B)   Thesis
Current models: Ypsilon  Musa  Delta  Phedra
Concept cars: Megagamma  Sibilo
Vincenzo Lancia  Corporate website  A brand of the Fiat Group
v  d  e
previous Lancia Automobiles S.p.A., a subsidiary of the Fiat S.p.A. since 1969, car timeline, 1980sresent
Type
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Supermini
A112*
Y10*
Y
Ypsilon
Small family car
Delta I
Delta II
Delta III
Large family car
Beta
Prisma
Dedra
Lybra
Beta Trevi
Executive car
Gamma
Thema
Kappa
Thesis
Mini MPV
Musa
Large MPV
Zeta
Phedra
Racing
car
037
Delta S4
Beta Montecarlo Turbo
LC1
LC2
*Rebadged Autobianchi model
Categories: Lancia vehicles | Euro NCAP large family cars | Rally cars | 1980s automobiles | 1990s automobiles | Vehicles introduced in 1979 | Vehicles introduced in 1993 | Vehicles introduced in 2008Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009

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In 1987, Creative released a 12-voice sound generator sound card for the IBM PC architecture, the Creative Music System(C/MS), featuring two Philips SAA 1099 chips. Sim personally went from Singapore to Silicon Valley and managed to get RadioShack's Tandy division to market the product. The card was, however, unsuccessful and lost to AdLib. This card had the Yamaha YM3812 chip (also known as OPL2) that was found on the AdLib card, as well as audio capabilities for playing and recording digital samples. Creative used aggressive marketing strategies, from calling the card a "stereo" component to calling the sound producing micro-controller a "DSP" (for "digital sound processor"), hoping to associate the product with a digital signal processor. tec grill parts
Creative Technology's Sound Blaster sound card was among the first dedicated audio processing cards to be made widely available to the general consumer. The card soon became a de facto standard for sound cards in PCs for many years, mostly by the fact that it was the first to bundle what is now considered to be a part of a sound card system: digital audio, on-board music synthesizer, MIDI interface and a joystick port. This continued until the 2000s when OEM PCs began to be built with sound boards integrated directly onto the motherboard, and the Sound Blaster found itself reduced to a niche product. cadillac deville grille
Monaural Sound Blaster cards were introduced in 1989, and stereo cards followed in 1992 (Sound Blaster Pro). Wavetable MIDI was added with the 16-bit Sound Blaster AWE32 and AWE64 with 32 and 64 voices. In 1998, Sound Blaster Live! was the companys first PCI-based sound card. Over the years, the Sound Blaster line has been enhanced to provide 3D audio and home theater quality sound directly from a PC. chrome grills
Creative dominated the PC audio market and remains unchallenged by a major competitor since the late 1990s which saw a legal tussle between Creative and Aureal Semiconductor. A series of lawsuits was filed by Aureal in 1998 which alleges infringements over various technology patents such as PCI audio and 2D/3D positional sound APIs. Creative responded by counter suing with a series of lawsuits for false advertising and various other claims. Aureal won the case but went bankrupt as a result of legal costs, so its assets were acquired by Creative in September 2000 for US$32 million.
In the mid 1990s, Creative's venture into the CD-ROM market proved to be unsuccessful. Creative was forced to write off nearly US$100 million in inventory when the market collapsed due to a flood of cheaper alternatives.
In April 1999, Creative launched the NOMAD line of digital audio players that would later introduce the MuVo and ZEN series of portable media players. Creative remains a serious competitor in the portable audio player market, a market which they dominated until the entry of Apple Computer with the iPod. In November 2004, Creative Labs announced a $100 million marketing campaign to promote their digital audio products, including the ZEN range of MP3 players.
Creative applied for U.S. Patent 6,928,433 on January 5, 2001 and was awarded the patent on August 9, 2005. The ZEN Patent was awarded to Creative for the invention of user interface for portable media players. This opened the way for potential legal action against Apple's iPod and the other competing players. Creative took legal actions against Apple in May 2006. In August, 2006, Creative and Apple entered into a broad settlement, with Apple paying Creative $100 million for the license to use the Zen patent. Creative will join the "Made for iPod" program which opens new opportunities for the company.
On March 22, 2005, The Inquirer reported that Creative Labs had agreed to settle in a class action lawsuit that was filed because of the way its Audigy and Extigy soundcards were marketed. Creative has offered customers who purchased the cards up to a $62.50 reduction on the cost of their next purchase with Creative, while the lawyers involved in filing the dispute against Creative will receive payment of approximately $470,000.
In 2007, Creative voluntarily delisted itself from NASDAQ, which had the symbol of CREAF. Its stocks are now solely on the Singapore Exchange (SGX-ST). In early 2008, Creative Labs' technical support center, located in Stillwater, Oklahoma, laid off several technical support staff, furthering ongoing concerns surrounding Creative's financial situation.
In January 2009, Creative generated internet buzz with a mysterious website promising a "stem cell-like" processor which would give a 100-fold increase in supercomputing power over current technology, as well as advances in consumer 3D graphics. At CES 2009, it was revealed to be the ZMS-05 processor from ZiiLABS, a subsidiary formed from the combining of 3DLabs and Creative's Personal Digital Entertainment division.
Products
Sound Blaster
Main article: Sound Blaster
Creative's Sound Blaster line is one of the dominant names in the PC audio market. In 1987, the Creative Music System was released as the first audio device from the company. In 1988, the company took the Creative Music System and marketed it at RadioShack as Game Blaster. The following year, 1989, the Sound Blaster 1.0 was released, helped by the perfect compatibility with then market leader Ad Lib, Inc.'s sound card. By 1992, the Sound Blaster had achieved dominance in the market and AdLib filed for bankruptcy. The current revision of the Sound Blaster is known as the Sound Blaster X-Fi. The X-Fi technology can be found in several other Creative devices.
Daniel_K Incident
In late March of 2008, Creative experienced an online public relations backlash in response to a post by the Vice President of Corporate Communications, Phil O'Shaughnessy. In a message posted to the Creative public discussion forums, O'Shaughnessy requested that a user named "Daniel_K" cease distributing modified versions of the drivers for Creative hardware. Daniel_K, a well-known member of the Creative community, modified official Sound Blaster drivers in order to allow compatibility on Windows Vista. O'Shaughnessy took particular issue with the fact that the modified drivers "run on other products for which they are not intended" as well as the fact that Daniel_K was soliciting donations from users in return for his time spent working on them. In addition, Creative requested that Daniel_K respect Creative's "legal rights in this matter".
ZEN and MuVo Branded Portable Media Devices
Main article: Creative ZEN
Main article: Creative MuVo
The Creative ZEN was released in 2007.
The Creative ZEN name is used in a range of handheld media devices by the company. They are the successor to the NOMAD line of players. The line has won several awards, including three CES Best of Show awards, in 2004 with the Creative ZEN Portable Media Center, 2005 with the ZEN MicroPhoto , and 2006 with the ZEN Vision:M. The company uses MuVo branding for its smaller, flash-based devices.
Vado Video Cameras
While already a vendor of webcams for PCs and laptops, in May 2008, Creative announced the unveiling of its Vado video camera. The Vado video camera is a handheld device designed with portability in mind. Its direct competitor is the Flip Mini. In December 2008, Creative announced a HD version of the Vado, the Vado HD. This camera was among the first portable high-definition cameras. The Vado HD received an 89 rating from PCWorld, 4/5 stars and an Editors Choice award from PC Magazine, and generally favorable reviews from users on Amazon.
MediaSource
Creative MediaSource comes included with certain Creative products, such as Sound Blaster, MuVo, and Creative Zen. The software is mainly used as a method to sync and transfer digital media. The latest version is always available as a free download from the official website, but installation requires a Creative product (such as a Sound Blaster or Creative Zen) to be connected. The software is usually bundled with audio and video converters, as well as ZENcast, a podcast organizer. Features from previous version are sometimes removed by upgrades, such as the recent removal of the mp3 codec.
Other Products
Gaming sound systems
Web cameras
Prodikeys, a computer keyboard-musical keyboard combination
Optical mice and keyboards
Headphones, including a Fatal1ty branded one
Computer speakers
E-dictionary (Chinese language)
Discontinued Products
CD and DVD players, drives, and controller cards
Graphics cards
See also
Creative Labs office in Milpitas, California
AdLib
Ensoniq
E-mu Systems
Environmental audio extensions
Yamaha
Divisions and brands
Cambridge SoundWorks
Creative MuVo
Creative NOMAD
Creative ZEN
Sound Blaster
SoundFont
Sensaura
ZiiLABS, formerly 3dlabs
References
^ a b "CREATIVE ANNOUNCES Q4 FY09 US GAAP FINANCIAL RESULTS". http://www.finanznachrichten.de/pdf/20090806_210544_C76_CC5F64A2B85DCAF94825760A0045329D.1.pdf. 
^ http://www.hoovers.com/company/Creative_Technology_Ltd/ctkjji-1.html
^ Graham, Jefferson (2004-06-28). "Creative's name describes CEO". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2004-06-28-sim_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-31. 
^ Timeline of Creative vs Aureal lawsuits
^ Seno N. Alexandra, "Creative's Genius", Asiaweek article, September 2000
^ The Register "Creative declares war on iPod", 18 November 2004
^ Press Release, "Creative Awarded U.S. Patent On Its Invention Of User Interface For Portable Media Players", 30 August 2005
^ Press Release, "Apple & Creative Announce Broad Settlement Ending Legal Disputes Between the Companies"
^ Burns, Simon (2005-03-22). "Creative Labs owes you $62". The Inquirer. http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2005/03/22/creative-labs-owes-you-62. Retrieved 2008-03-02. 
^ Creative (2007-09-04). "Creative Technology Announces Completion of Its Voluntary Delisting from Nasdaq - Company's Sole Exchange Listing Now On the SGX-ST". Press release. http://creative.com/corporate/pressroom/releases/welcome.asp?pid=12796. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
^ http://www.engadget.com/2008/12/26/creatives-zii-stemcell-computing-is-not-likely-to-be-awesome/
^ http://www.engadget.com/2009/01/08/creative-unveils-zii/
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdLib#Bankruptcy
^ Hruska, Joel (2008-03-31). "Creative irate after modder spruces up Vista X-Fi drivers". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080331-creative-irate-after-modder-spruces-up-vista-x-fi-drivers.html. Retrieved 2008-03-31. 
^ Walters, Chris (2008-03-31). "Creative Sparks Customer Revolt When It Tries To Silence Third-Party Programmer". The Consumerist. http://consumerist.com/373901/creative-sparks-customer-revolt-when-it-tries-to-silence-third+party-programmer. Retrieved 2008-04-01. 
^ http://www.creative.com/corporate/pressroom/releases/welcome.asp?pid=12013
^ http://www.creative.com/corporate/pressroom/releases/welcome.asp?pid=11929
^ http://www.cnet.com/4520-11405_1-6398234-1.html
^ http://sg.creative.com/corporate/pressroom/releases/welcome.asp?pid=12932
^ http://sg.creative.com/corporate/pressroom/releases/welcome.asp?pid=13031
^ http://www.pcworld.com/reviews/product/43998/review/vado_hd_pocket_video_cam.html
^ http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2336708,00.asp
^ http://www.amazon.com/Creative-Labs-Camcorder-Storage-Digital/product-reviews/B001LK8P14/ref=sr_1_1_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1
External links
Official Creative site
Nothing But Creative
myCreative Fansite
EpiZENter
Creative Open Source site
Yahoo! - Creative Technology Ltd. Company Profile
Inquirer Lawsuit article
Message to Daniel_K from Creative's VP of Corporate Communications
Categories: Companies listed on the Singapore Exchange | Video cards | Science and technology in Singapore | Electronics companies | Electronics companies of Singapore | Companies established in 1981 | Creative Technology | Sound cards | Companies formerly listed on NASDAQ

China Suppliers History
Laguna Seca Raceway from Turn 2
The earliest development of the local area occurred in 1867 with the founding of the nearby Laguna Seca Ranch, which has operated continuously for 140 years with grazing and equestrian uses. fishing vest
The track was built in 1957 at a cost of $1.5 million raised from local businesses and individuals on part of the US Army's Fort Ord (a maneuver area and field artillery target range) after the nearby Pebble Beach Road Races were abandoned for being too dangerous. In 1974, the property was deeded over to the Monterey County Parks Department and continues to be part of the park system to this day. fishing spinning rod
The first race, held on November 9, 1957, was won by Pete Lovely (who still races vintage cars to this day) driving a Ferrari. In the intervening years, the track has hosted USRRC, Can Am, Trans-Am, Formula 5000, IMSA GT, Champ Car, American Le Mans Series, Grand American, Monterey Historic Automobile Races, Speed World Challenge, AMA (American Motorcyclist Association), WSBK Superbike World Championship and MotoGP motorcycle races (but 125 and 250 are not admitted). portable fish finder
The day-to-day operations of the track, along with the management and promotion of major racing events, are handled by the Sports Car Racing Association of the Monterey Peninsula (SCRAMP), a non-profit organization. With oversight by a board of local residents, SCRAMP operates with a professional staff on-site with the goal of generating income through the operations of the racetrack which is then redistributed to local charities.
The track itself has undergone significant changes over the past two decades to meet evolving safety homologation requirements of the Fdration Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), Fdration Internationale de l'Automobile(FIA) and other sanctioning bodies. Changes include the addition of the entire infield area in 1988 (present day turns 3, 4, and 5, eliminating the straight that started at present day turn 2 and ended at present day turn 5) extending the track from its original 1.9-mile (3.1 km) length to meet the minimum-track-length criteria of the FIM for MotoGP events, plus the more recent relocation of pedestrian bridges and embankments, and the expansion of gravel pits outside turns 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 for additional runoff. The original media center was demolished in 2006 to make way for additional run-off room in Turn 1. Also in 2006, the 'hump' at the top of the Rahal Straight was flattened to accommodate the MotoGP riders, though some claim that this increases the wind effects that can perturb a race motorcycle.
The "Corkscrew" at Turn 8.
A view of the "Corkscrew" from the bottom.
The famous Turn 8 and 8A combination, popularly referred to as the Corkscrew, is considered one of the motorsport world's most challenging turns, due to the drop in elevation as well as its blind crest and apex on the uphill approach.
Turn 2, with its difficult and technical double-apex, has been renamed the 'Andretti Hairpin', in honor of former Formula 1 World Champion Mario Andretti, while Turn 9 has been renamed 'Rainey Curve' in honor of 500cc Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champion Wayne Rainey, a resident of nearby Salinas, California. Also the straight that runs between Turn 6 and Turn 7 has been renamed the 'Rahal Straight' after four-time consecutive Champ Car race winner Bobby Rahal.
A Champ Car World Series weekend had been a prominent event from 1983 through 2004 when its spot on the calendar was shifted to the San Jose Grand Prix. Perhaps one of the most famous moments of racing took place at Laguna Seca's Corkscrew when Alex Zanardi passed Bryan Herta on the inside of the Corkscrew on the last lap of the 1996 CART race to take the victory. Uruguayan driver Gonzalo Rodrguez died during the practice session of the 1999 CART race after crashing at the same corner. Champ Car announced on September 11, 2007 that they would be returning the Northern California race to Laguna Seca from San Jose over the May 16-18 weekend in 2008. But the subsequent merger of Champ Car and IndyCar resulted in the race being canceled.
The track is also the site of the annual Monterey Historics event sponsored every August by Rolex that sees an extraordinarily eclectic mixture of race cars on the course. Each year features a different marque. Considered one of the two greatest historic racing events (along with the Goodwood Festival in England), attendance often rivals, or surpasses the professional racing events listed above.
There are many permanent dry and hook-up camping facilities located at the raceway, which are available year-round as part of the Laguna Seca Recreation Area, the county park in which the racetrack is set.
The track's primary corporate sponsor is Mazda, who hold some of their own events there and display their products at major racing events. As part of the sponsorship, the track is now officially referred to as Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca.
The official track record for the 2.238-mile (3.602 km) course is 1 minute, 07.722 seconds, set in 2000 by Helio Castroneves while qualifying his Marlboro Team Penske Honda/Reynard for the CART/FedEx Championship Series Honda Grand Prix of Monterey.
The all-time unofficial lap record around the current configuration is 1 minute, 5.880 seconds, set on March 10, 2007 by Sbastien Bourdais in a Panoz DP01 Champ Car, beating the previous unofficial record of 1 minute, 6.309 seconds, set by Ricardo Zonta in a Toyota TF106 Formula 1 car during the Historics on August 20, 2006.
Other use
Automotive
When not being used by the major events the track can be rented. Approximately twice a year the Sports Car Club of America holds regional club races for the San Francisco Region. Various clubs rent the track throughout the year for informal high performance driving schools that allow the public to drive their own cars at speed. The raceway has also played host to prototype testing of the Nissan GT-R in 2007.
The track is featured in video games such as the Gran Turismo series (including the bike version Tourist Trophy), Forza Motorsport, and the MotoGP series. In a bid to compare real life versus video games, Jeremy Clarkson of the British automotive show Top Gear attempted to beat his Gran Turismo time of 1:41.148 in a Honda NSX by racing the real track in the same car in 2005. During the trials, Clarkson determined that the game omitted a few details of the track, and the game's physics allowed him to brake later when coming into turns than he could in real life. As a consequence, reality prevailed and he managed a best time of only 1:57 on the real course. However, both he and the track instructor agreed that it is possible to complete the course in 1:41 if the driver were sufficiently experienced and talented.
Laguna Seca is home to a branch of the Skip Barber Racing School, which conducts race and street driver training in the paddock area and on the circuit itself on a year-round basis.
Other non-automotive events
Laguna Seca and the part of the old Fort Ord that is now Bureau of Land Management land annually host the Sea Otter Classic "Celebration of Cycling". As the first major event of the year - typically held in April - it kicks off both the road bike and mountain bike seasons.
On September 17, 1987, Pope John Paul II celebrated mass at Laguna Seca Raceway, where 72,000 people had gathered to see him.
Video games
Laguna Seca can be raced on in CART Precision Racing, Corvette Evolution GT, Forza Motorsport, Forza Motorsport 2, Forza Motorsport 3, Grand Prix Legends, Gran Turismo 2, Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, Gran Turismo 4, Gran Turismo (PSP), IndyCar Racing, IndyCar Racing II, NASCAR Racing 4, NASCAR Racing 2002 Season, Sports Car GT, NASCAR Racing 2003 Season, MotoGP '08, Race Pro, Rfactor, TOCA Race Driver 2, TOCA Race Driver 3, Need For Speed: SHIFT, and will be featured in the upcoming Gran Turismo 5. The track has been digitally scanned and included in the iRacing.com simulation service.
Racing
Major events each year include the U.S. Sports Car Invitational featuring the Grand American Rolex Sports Car Series, Monterey Sports Car Championships featuring a four-hour endurance race for the ALMS, Monterey Historics for classic racecars, and the Red Bull U.S. Grand Prix featuring both the MotoGP World Championship and the U.S. AMA Superbike Series. In 2006, the A1 Grand Prix brought international open-wheel racing back to Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca.
Race winners
Champ Car/CART
Main article: Monterey Grand Prix
Season
Date
Winning Driver
Chassis
Engine
Team
1983
October 23
Teo Fabi
March
Cosworth
Forsythe Racing
1984
October 21
Bobby Rahal
March
Cosworth
TrueSports
1985
October 6
Bobby Rahal
March
Cosworth
TrueSports
1986
October 12
Bobby Rahal
March
Cosworth
TrueSports
1987
October 11
Bobby Rahal
Lola
Cosworth
TrueSports
1988
October 16
Danny Sullivan
Penske
Chevrolet-Ilmor
Penske Racing
1989
October 15
Rick Mears
Penske
Chevrolet-Ilmor
Penske Racing
1990
October 21
Danny Sullivan
Penske
Chevrolet-Ilmor
Penske Racing
1991
October 20
Michael Andretti
Lola
Chevrolet-Ilmor
Newman/Haas Racing
1992
October 18
Michael Andretti
Lola
Ford-Cosworth
Newman/Haas Racing
1993
October 3
Paul Tracy
Penske
Chevrolet-Ilmor
Penske Racing
1994
October 2
Paul Tracy
Penske
Mercedes-Benz-Ilmor
Penske Racing
1995
September 9
Gil de Ferran
Reynard
Mercedes-Benz-Ilmor
Jim Hall Racing
1996
September 8
Alex Zanardi
Reynard
Honda
Chip Ganassi Racing
1997
September 7
Jimmy Vasser
Reynard
Honda
Chip Ganassi Racing
1998
September 13
Bryan Herta
Reynard
Ford-Cosworth
Team Rahal
1999
September 12
Bryan Herta
Reynard
Ford-Cosworth
Team Rahal
2000
September 10
Hlio Castroneves
Reynard
Honda
Penske Racing
2001
October 14
Max Papis
Lola
Ford-Cosworth
Team Rahal
2002
June 9
Cristiano da Matta
Lola
Toyota
Newman/Haas Racing
2003
June 15
Patrick Carpentier
Lola
Ford-Cosworth
Forsythe Racing
2004
September 12
Patrick Carpentier
Lola
Ford-Cosworth
Forsythe Racing
Champ Car Marlboro Challenge
Season
Date
Winning Driver
Chassis
Engine
Team
1989
October 14
Al Unser, Jr.
Lola
Chevrolet
Galles Racing
1991
October 19
Michael Andretti
Lola
Chevrolet
Newman/Haas Racing
American Le Mans Series
Main article: Monterey Sports Car Championships
Season
Class
Winning Drivers
Platform
Team
1999
LMP
JJ Lehto / Steve Soper
BMW V12 LMR
BMW Motorsport
GTS
Olivier Beretta / Karl Wendlinger
Dodge Viper GTS-R
Viper Team Oreca
GT
Johnny Mowlem / David Murry
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
Reiser Callas Rennsport
2000
LMP
Rinaldo Capello / Allan McNish
Audi R8
Audi Sport North America
GTS
Olivier Beretta / Karl Wendlinger
Dodge Viper GTS-R
Viper Team Oreca
GT
Hans Joachim Stuck / Boris Said
BMW M3 GT
Prototype Technology Group
2001
LMP900
Frank Biela / Emanuele Pirro
Audi R8
Audi Sport North America
LMP675
Milka Duno / Didier de Radigues
Reynard 01Q-Judd
Dick Barbour Racing
GTS
Terry Borcheller / Franz Konrad
Saleen S7-R
Konrad Team Saleen
GT
JJ Lehto / Jrg Mller
BMW M3 GTR
BMW Motorsport
2002
LMP900
Emanuele Pirro / Frank Biela
Audi R8
Audi Sport North America
LMP675
Chad Block / Steve Knight / Claudia Hrtgen
MG-Lola EX257
KnightHawk Racing
GTS
Tom Enge / Peter Kox
Ferrari 550 Maranello
Prodrive
GT
Lucas Luhr / Sascha Maassen
Porsche 911 GT3-RS
Alex Job Racing
2003
LMP900
Frank Biela / Marco Werner
Audi R8
Infineon Team Joest
LMP675
James Weaver / Butch Leitzinger
MG-Lola EX257
Dyson Racing
GTS
Jan Magnussen / David Brabham
Ferrari 550 Maranello
Prodrive
GT
Sascha Maassen / Lucas Luhr
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
Alex Job Racing
2004
LMP1
Johnny Herbert / Pierre Kaffer
Audi R8
ADT Champion Racing
LMP2
Clint Field / Rick Sutherland / Robin Liddell
Lola B2K/40 - Judd
Intersport Racing
GT1
Ron Fellows / Johnny O'Connell
Chevrolet Corvette C5-R
Corvette Racing
GT2
Marc Lieb / Romain Dumas
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
Alex Job Racing
2005
LMP1
Tom Chilton / Hayanari Shimoda
Zytek 04S
Zytek Engineering
LMP2
Sascha Maassen / Lucas Luhr
Porsche RS Spyder
Penske Racing
GT1
Olivier Beretta / Oliver Gavin
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
Corvette Racing
GT2
Patrick Long / Jrg Bergmeister
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
Petersen/White Lightning Racing
2006
LMP1
Rinaldo Capello / Allan McNish
Audi R10 TDI
Audi Sport North America
LMP2
Romain Dumas / Lucas Luhr
Porsche RS Spyder
Porsche Racing
GT1
Stphane Sarrazin / Pedro Lamy
Aston Martin DBR9
Aston Martin Racing
GT2
Mika Salo / Stphane Ortelli
Ferrari F430 GT2
Risi Competizione
2007
LMP1
Rinaldo Capello / Allan McNish
Audi R10 TDI
Audi Sport North America
LMP2
Romain Dumas / Timo Bernhard
Porsche RS Spyder Evo
Porsche Racing
GT1
Oliver Gavin / Olivier Beretta
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
Corvette Racing
GT2
Mika Salo / Jaime Melo
Ferrari F430GT
Risi Competizione
2008
LMP1
Marco Werner / Lucas Luhr
Audi R10 TDI
Audi Sport North America
LMP2
Franck Montagny / Tony Kanaan
Acura ARX-01B
Andretti Green Racing
GT1
Olivier Beretta / Oliver Gavin
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
Corvette Racing
GT2
Dominik Farnbacher / Dirk Mller
Ferrari F430 GT2
Tafel Racing
2009
LMP1
Gil de Ferran / Simon Pagenaud
Acura ARX-02a
de Ferran Motorsports
LMP2
Adrian Fernndez / Luis Diaz
Acura ARX-01B
Fernndez Racing
GT2
Jrg Bergmeister / Patrick Long
Porsche 911 GT3-RSR
Flying Lizard Motorsports
GTC
John Baker / Guy Cosmo
Porsche 911 GT3
Orbit Racing
A1 Grand Prix
Season
Sprint Race Winner
Feature Race Winner
2005-2006
Salvador Durn
Salvador Durn
Superbike World Championship
Year
Races Winners
Team
Bike
1995
Anthony Gobert
Troy Corser
Muzzy Kawasaki
Promotor Ducati Corse
Kawasaki ZX-7R
Ducati 916
1996
John Kocinski
Anthony Gobert
Ducati Corse
Muzzy Kawasaki
Ducati 916
Kawasaki ZX-7R
1997
John Kocinski
John Kocinski
Castrol Honda-HRC
Castrol Honda-HRC
Honda RC45
Honda RC45
1998
Troy Corser
Noriyuki Haga
Ducati Corse
Yamaha World Superbike Team
Ducati 916
Yamaha YZF750
1999
Anthony Gobert
Ben Bostrom
Vance & Hines Ducati
Vance & Hines Ducati
Ducati 996
Ducati 996
2000
Noriyuki Haga
Troy Corser
Yamaha World Superbike Team
Aprilia
Yamaha YZF-R7
Aprilia RSV1000
2001
Ben Bostrom
Ben Bostrom
L&M Ducati
L&M Ducati
Ducati 996
Ducati 996
2002
Troy Bayliss
Colin Edwards
Infostrada Ducati Corse
Castrol Honda-HRC
Ducati 998
Honda RC51
2003
Pierfrancesco Chili
Rubn Xaus
PSG-1 Ducati
FILA Ducati Corse
Ducati 998
Ducati 998
2004
Chris Vermeulen
Chris Vermeulen
ten Kate Honda
ten Kate Honda
Honda CBR1000RR
Honda CBR1000RR
500cc
Year
Race Winner
Team
Bike
1988
Eddie Lawson
Marlboro Agostini-Yamaha
Yamaha YZR500
1989
Wayne Rainey
Lucky Strike Roberts-Yamaha
Yamaha YZR500
1990
Wayne Rainey
Marlboro Roberts-Yamaha
Yamaha YZR500
1991
Wayne Rainey
Marlboro Roberts-Yamaha
Yamaha YZR500
1992
US Grand Prix not held
1993
John Kocinski
Cagiva
Cagiva GP500
1994
Luca Cadalora
Marlboro Roberts-Yamaha
Yamaha YZR500
MotoGP
Year
Race Winner
Team
Bike
2005
Nicky Hayden
Repsol Honda
Honda RC211V
2006
Nicky Hayden
Repsol Honda
Honda RC211V
2007
Casey Stoner
Ducati Marlboro
Desmosedici GP7
2008
Valentino Rossi
Yamaha Motor Racing
Yamaha YZR-M1
2009
Daniel Pedrosa
Repsol Honda
Honda RC212V
Rolex Sports Car Series
Season
Class
Winning Drivers
Platform
Team
2005
DP:
GT:
Luis Diaz/ Scott Pruett
Tom Milner/ Justin Marks/ Bill Auberlen
DP: Lexus
GT: BMW M3
DP: Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates
GT: Prototype Technology Group
2006
DP:
GT:
Max Angelelli / Jan Magnussen / Wayne Taylor
Wolf Henzler / Robin Liddell
DP: Pontiac
GT: Ferrari F430
DP: SunTrust Racing
GT: Tafel Racing
2007
DP:
GT:
Patrick Long / Jrg Bergmeister
Andy Lally / R.J. Valentine
DP: Porsche
GT: Pontiac GTO
DP: Alex Job Racing
GT: The Racer's Group
2008
DP:
GT:
Ryan Dalziel / Henri Zogaib
Paul Edwards / Kelly Collins
DP: BMW
GT: Pontiac GXP.R
DP: SAMAX Motorsport
GT: Banner Racing
2009
DP:
GT:
Jon Fogarty / Alex Gurney
Nick Ham / Sylvain Tremblay
DP: Pontiac
GT: Mazda RX-8
DP: GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing
GT: SpeedSource
Formula One
In 1989, the year following the last Formula One race in Detroit, choices for a new location for the United States Grand Prix came down to Laguna Seca and Phoenix. The aforementioned 1988 improvements to the track were in part made to lure the race. In the final decision, Laguna Seca was thought to be too small for an F1 crowd and too remote and Phoenix was granted the Grand Prix. It proved to be highly unsuccessful and only lasted three years.
Lap records
On August 20, 2006, Toyota F1 test driver Ricardo Zonta set an unofficial lap record of 1'06.039. The previous record time was 1'07.722, set by Helio Castroneves in a Penske Champ Car during qualifying for the 2000 CART Honda Grand Prix of Monterey. The unofficial record was re-taken by a Champ Car on March 10, 2007 by Sbastien Bourdais, who lapped in 1'05.880 during Champ Car Spring Training.
Officially, Castroneves is still the recordholder as Zonta's and Bourdais' times were set during exhibition and testing sessions, and official records can only be set in race conditions (either in qualifying or during a race).
Motor Trend has recently begun to use Laguna Seca as a benchmark in much the same way Car and Driver had used Virgina International Raceway in recent years. The track was the site of their "America's Best Handling Car" and "Best Driver's Car" comparisions. In total, over 30 street legal cars have set laps on the track in the hands of Motor Trend. The 2010 Dodge Viper ACR is the current leader.
1:33.91 - 2010 Dodge Viper SRT-10 ACR
1:35.08 - Devon GTX (unofficial, pre-production)
1:35.12 - 2008 Dodge Viper SRT-10 ACR
1:35.83 - 2009 Chevrolet Corvette ZR1
1:39.57 - 2007 Porsche 911 GT3
1:40.45 - 2009 Nissan GT-R
1:40.74 - 2011 Mercedes SLS AMG
1:40.75 - 2009 Audi R8
1:40.92 - 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06
1:40.92 - 2009 Audi R8 R Tronic
1:42.51 - 2008 Porsche 911 Turbo
1:42.95 - 2009 Porsche Cayman S PDK
1:42.96 - 2008 BMW M3
1:43.85 - 2009 Cadillac CTS-V
1:44.32 - 2010 Ford Shelby GT500
1:44.72 - 2008 Ford Shelby GT500 KR
1:45.37 - 2009 Jaguar XFR
1:45.72 - 2010 Chevrolet Camaro SS
1:45.82 - 2007 Lotus Exige S
1:46.01 - 2009 BMW 135i
1:46.53 - 2010 Nissan NISMO 370Z
1:47.58 - 2006 Porsche Cayman S
1:47.71 - 2008 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X MR
1:47.75 - 2008 Chevrolet Cobalt SS
1:47.93 - 2007 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX MR
1:49.04 - 2007 BMW 335i
1:50.37 - 2007 Mazdaspeed 3 GT
1:50.42 - 2009 Mazda RX-8
1:50.74 - 2006 Honda S2000
1:51.73 - 2007 Mini Cooper S JC Works GP
1:51.98 - 2008 Mini Cooper S
1:52.18 - 2009 Mazda MX-5
1:54.99 - 2006 Honda Civic Si
References
^ Environmental Site Assessment: Laguna Seca Ranch, Earth Metrics Inc., on file with the County of Monterey (1989)
^ Google Street View image
^ Champ Car > News Tuesday, September 11, 2007
^ 2009 Nissan Skyline GT-R conquers the Corkscrew at Laguna Seca By Ed Hellwig Edmunds Inside Line 2/16/2007
^ Top Gear, Season 7, Episode 6 2005.12.27
^ Skip Barber Racing School Mazda Laguna Seca webpage
^ http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-12/sports/sp-8841_1_indy-car
^ Zonta breaks the record, part three...
^ {{cite web |url=http://www.motortrend.com/features/laguna_lap/index.html|title=Laguna Lap|accessdate=2009-12-12 |author=Ron Batt |date=2009-10-29
External links
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca official site
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca official Online Store
American Le Mans Series
Sea Otter Classic
Trackpedia's guide to driving Laguna Seca
Steve McQueen raced at Laguna Seca in 1959
Laguna Seca - A Look Back
 
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Patio Rattan Chair-Rock Etymology
The term "celadon" for the pottery's pale jade-green glaze was coined by European connoisseurs of the wares. One theory is that the term first appeared in France in the 17th century and that it is named after the shepherd Celadon in Honor d'Urf's French pastoral romance, L'Astre (1627), who wore pale green ribbons. (D'Urfe, in turn, borrowed his character from Ovid's Metamorphoses.) Another theory is that the term is a corruption of the name of Saladin (Salah ad-Din), the Ayyubid Sultan, who in 1171 sent forty pieces of the ceramic to Nur ad-Din Zengi, Sultan of Syria. Yet a third theory is that the word derives from the Sanskrit sila and dhara, which mean "stone" and "green" respectively.
Celadon glaze icicle christmas lights
Korean Celadon openwork incense burner with kingfisher glaze from the Goryeo Dynasty. National Museum of Korea, Seoul. solar string lights
Celadon glaze refers to a family of transparent, crackle glazes, produced in a wide variety of colors, generally used on porcelain or stoneware clay bodies. Celadon glazes have such popularity and impact that pieces made with it are often referred to as "celadons." rope christmas lights
Celadon glazes can be produced in a variety of colors, including white, grey, blue and yellow, depending on the thickness of the applied glaze and the type of clay to which it is applied. However, the most famous shades range in color from a very pale green crackle to deep intense green, often meaning to mimic the green shades of jade. The color is produced by iron oxide in the glaze recipe or clay body. Celadon are usually fired in a reducing atmosphere kiln. As with most glazes, crazing (a glaze defect) can occur in the glaze and, if the characteristic is desirable, is referred to as crackle glaze.
Southern Chinese potters invented and improved celadon glazing techniques. The Longquan workshops were especially well-known internationally. Large quantities of Longquan celadon was exported throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Middle East in 13th-15th century. Large celadon dishes were welcomed in Islamic nations.
"Korean celadon" is often referred to as "Goryeo celadon," which is usually a pale green-blue in color. The glaze was developed and refined during the 10th and 11th centuries during the Goryeo period, from which it derives its name. Korean celadon reached its zenith between the 12th and early 13th centuries, however, the Mongol invasions of Korea in the 13th century and persecution by the Joseon Dynasty government destroyed the craft.
Korean Celadon ceramic inlaid designs, known as "Sanggam", with the artisan engraving an inlaid design of a crane on the left and another artisan scraping off excess clay slip used to fill in the engravings on the right. Goryeo Celadon Kiln site, Gangjin.
Traditional Korean celadon ware has distinctive decorative elements. The most distinctive are decorated by overlaying glaze on contrasting clay bodies. With inlaid designs, known as "Sanggam" in Korean, small pieces of colored clay are inlaid in the base clay. Carved or slip-carved designs require layer of a different colored clay adhered to the base clay of the piece. The layers are then carved away to reveal the varying colors. Modern potters, with modern materials and tools, have attempted to recreate Korean celadon techniques.
Since about 1420 the Counts of Katzenelnbogen have owned the oldest European import of celadon, exhibited in Kassel in the Landesmuseum .
Japanese imported southern China kiln techniques in early 17th century. Nabeshima ware took celadon with enamelware. Kyoyaki (Kyoto Ceramics) also learned celadon technique in 18th century. Famous potter Aoki Mokubei (1767-1833)[citation needed] made celadons that paid conscious homage to Chinese wares. This was especially so for late Ming period celadon with their bright greens, in a departure from traditional Japanese taste in Chinese celadon which favored a blue glaze.
Gallery
Chinese celadon with cut-out and engraved decoration, 10th century.
Celadon from Yaozhou, Shaanxi province, 10th-11th century, Song Dynasty.
Longquan Warmer, Chinese Song Dynasty, 12th Century.
A Ming Dynasty Longquan celadon from Zhejiang, 14-15th century, now housed in the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.
Korean Pressed Celadon Goryeo Period, Nantoys Collection, Japan.
National Museum of Korea, Seoul.
Cheongja unhak sanggam mun maebyeong, the 68th national treasure of South Korea.
Japanese Kyoyaki Celadon 1800s, Nantoys Collection, Japan.
See also
Chinese porcelain
Imari porcelain
Kaolinite
Korean porcelain
Longquan celadon
Yi Sam-pyeong
References
Gems of the Official Kilns (ISBN 7-5330-1963-6)
"Korean Celadon" by Godfrey St. George Montague Gompertz
Korean art from the Gompertz and other collections in the Fitzwilliam Museum, by Yong-i Yun, Regina Krahl
^ "Celadon" at the Glossary of Chinese Porcelain Terms
^ Dennis Krueger. "Why On Earth Do They Call It Throwing?" from Ceramics Today
^ http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com/ Die History of the County of Katzenelnbogen, 600 Years of Bratwurst and the first Riesling of the World
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Celadon
Eternal Celadon: Ceramics and Jades from East Asia
Korean Celadon
Categories: Pottery | Porcelain | Chinese pottery | Korean potteryHidden categories: Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing Japanese language text | Articles containing Korean language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008

Resin-Wicker Outdoor Recent Trends
Blacklight Puppet
Though rod-arm puppetry continues to be the most common technique in Christian circles, some other forms have begun to gain popularity. aluminum director chairs
Blacklight Puppetry wicker resin
Blacklight Puppetry capitalizes on the novelty of ultra-violet lights, or black light. Lighting the staging area with only these specialized lights, the audience can see only the objects that are coated with a special paint. The idea of controlling what the audience sees is a major responsibility of any puppeteer, and blacklight has provided a new way of accomplishing it. promotional folding chair
Dowel Rod
Dowel Rod Puppetry combines interpretive dance and the use of (typically) two simple dowels. This style has been popularized and widely taught by Jeff Smith and adapted by churches across America. Routines usually involve a song that tells a story or conveys a message while performers move in a choreographed dance, employing their rods in equally choreographed ways.
External links
How To Start A Puppet Ministry Good guide to starting your own puppet ministry
Puppet Resources, a free on-line site where Christians upload their favorite puppet scripts for other users to borrow and perform.
Kidology Children's Ministry site with an emphasis on puppetry, run by Karl D. Bastian.
Puppet2Puppet Puppet Plays Children's Ministry site focused on Puppet Ministry, a collective run by Rev. Jim Hill
Puppets and Stuff Online puppetry portal with a large base of puppet scripts, many of them Christian.
PuppetBuilding.com Large web site devoted to making puppets for ministry and other purposes; includes many free puppet building patterns, tutorials and other resources.
Puppets for JESUS! A free site dedicated to Christian puppetry and children's ministry that includes free puppet skits, lessons, game ideas, and puppetry helps, tips, and guides.
A Show of Faith Grace Place Kids is an online puppet show developed for today's young children to introduce them to the stories and love of our Creator in a hip and friendly way.
Little Lambs Theatre Fun Christian puppet shows put on by The Little Lambs Theatre Players.
Categories: Puppetry | Christian performing arts